絕緣表面電阻測試儀電(dian)導率(lv)和(he)電(dian)阻率(lv)之間(jian)和(he)關系(xi)？

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率：是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)表示各種(zhong)物質電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)特性(xing)的(de)物理量。某種(zhong)材(cai)料制成(cheng)的(de)長1米、橫(heng)截(jie)面積是1平方毫(hao)米的(de)導(dao)線(xian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，叫做這種(zhong)材(cai)料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率。國際單位制中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率的(de)單位是歐(ou)姆(mu)·米，常用(yong)(yong)單位是歐(ou)姆(mu)·平方毫(hao)米/米。

　　電(dian)導率：水(shui)的(de)導電(dian)性即水(shui)的(de)電(dian)阻的(de)倒數(shu)，通常(chang)用(yong)它來(lai)表示水(shui)的(de)純凈度。

　　電(dian)(dian)導率是物體傳導電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的能力。電(dian)(dian)導率測量(liang)儀的測量(liang)原理是將兩(liang)塊平行的極(ji)板，放到被測溶液(ye)中，在極(ji)板的兩(liang)端(duan)加上一定的電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)（通常為正弦波(bo)電(dian)(dian)壓），然后測量(liang)極(ji)板間流(liu)過的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。根(gen)據(ju)歐姆定律，電(dian)(dian)導率(G)--電(dian)(dian)阻(R)的倒數，是由電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)決定的。

　　電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)基本(ben)單位(wei)是西門(men)子（S），原來被稱(cheng)為(wei)姆歐，取(qu)電(dian)阻單位(wei)歐姆倒數之(zhi)意。因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)導(dao)池的(de)(de)幾何形狀影響電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)值，標準的(de)(de)測量中用單位(wei)電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)S/cm來表示，以補償各(ge)種電(dian)極(ji)(ji)尺寸(cun)造成的(de)(de)差別。單位(wei)電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)（C）簡單的(de)(de)說是所測電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)（G）與電(dian)導(dao)池常數(L/A)的(de)(de)乘積.這里的(de)(de)L為(wei)兩塊極(ji)(ji)板(ban)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)液柱長度，A為(wei)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)面積。

　　=ρl=l/σ

　　(1)定義或(huo)解釋 電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)的倒數為(wei)電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)。σ=1/ρ (2)單(dan)(dan)位(wei): 在國際單(dan)(dan)位(wei)制中,電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)的單(dan)(dan)位(wei)是西門子/米。 (3)說明 電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)的物(wu)理(li)意義是表示物(wu)質(zhi)導電(dian)(dian)的性能。電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)越大則(ze)導電(dian)(dian)性能越強,反之(zhi)越小(xiao)。

　　電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)和電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)是什(shen)么關系：

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)，物(wu)理學概念，指在(zai)介質中(zhong)該(gai)量(liang)(liang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度(du)之積(ji)等于傳(chuan)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)。對(dui)于各向同性(xing)介質，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)是標量(liang)(liang)；對(dui)于各向異性(xing)介質，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)是張量(liang)(liang)。生態學中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)是以(yi)數字表(biao)示的溶(rong)液(ye)傳(chuan)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的能力。單位以(yi)西門子每米(mi)（S/m）表(biao)示。

　　（1）英文：conductivity(orspecific conductance)

　　（2）定義：電(dian)阻率的(de)倒數為電(dian)導率，用希臘字母κ表示（或者(zhe)γ[1]），κ=1/ρ。除非特別指明，電(dian)導率的(de)測量溫(wen)度(du)是(shi)標準溫(wen)度(du)（ 25 °C ）。

　　（3）單(dan)位：在國(guo)際單(dan)位制中，電導率(lv)的單(dan)位稱為西門子/米（S/m），其(qi)它單(dan)位有(you)：MS/m，S/cm，μS/cm。1S/m=1000mS/m=1000000μS/m=10mS/cm=10000μS/cm。

　　（4）說明：電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率的(de)(de)物(wu)理意義是表示物(wu)質導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率越大則導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)越強，反之(zhi)越小。另外，不少人將電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)跟電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率混(hun)淆：電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)是電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)倒數(shu)(shu)，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率是電(dian)(dian)阻率的(de)(de)倒數(shu)(shu)。

　　標準配置：

　　1 主機(ji) 1 臺

　　2 屏蔽箱(xiang) 1 臺(tai)

　　3 電極 1 套

　　4 測試線(xian)+電(dian)源線(xian) 5 條

　　備注：

　　本儀器配(pei)不同的(de)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)以測(ce)量(liang)不同材(cai)料(liao)（固體(ti)(ti)、粉體(ti)(ti)或液體(ti)(ti)）的(de)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率和表面(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率或電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率，*符合國家(jia)標準GB1410－2006固體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、體(ti)(ti)積(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)系數和表面(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)試驗方法，ASTM D257 絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)試驗方法等(deng)標準要(yao)求。

絕緣表面電阻測試儀符合標準：

GB/T 1410-2006《 固體絕緣材(cai)料體積電(dian)阻率和表面電(dian)阻率試驗方(fang)法》

ASTM D257-99《絕(jue)緣材料的直流電阻或電導試驗方法》

GB/T 10581-2006 《絕緣材料在高(gao)溫(wen)下電阻(zu)和(he)電阻(zu)率的試(shi)驗方(fang)法》

GB/T 1692-2008 《硫化橡膠 絕緣電(dian)阻率(lv)的(de)測(ce)定》

GB/T 2439-2001《硫化橡膠(jiao)(jiao)或熱塑(su)性橡膠(jiao)(jiao) 導電性能和耗散性能電阻率的(de)測定》

GB/T 12703.4-2010 《紡織(zhi)品  靜電(dian)性能(neng)的評定  第４部分：電(dian)阻率》

GB/T 10064-2006_《測定固體絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻的試(shi)驗方法》

操作方式：

1、電流先手動調零

2、調整測試電壓

3、旋轉(zhuan)電阻波(bo)蕩(dang)觀察數值

4、讀取電阻值

5、根據電阻值按以(yi)下(xia)公(gong)式求出（1）體積電阻率(lv)計算公(gong)式如(ru)下(xia)：

式中：PV——體積電阻率(lv)，單位為歐姆厘米(mi)（Ω.cm）；

RX——按(an)測得的體積(ji)電阻，單位為(wei)歐(ou)姆（Ω）；

A——是被保護電極的有效(xiao)面積，單位為平方米（m2）或（平方厘(li)米（cm2））

h——試樣的平均厚(hou)度(du)，單(dan)位為(wei)米(m)或厘米（cm）

備注：A=19.635（cm2）

（2）表面電阻率計算：

表面電(dian)阻率計(ji)算公式如下：

式中(zhong)：Ps——體積(ji)電(dian)阻率(lv)，單位(wei)為歐姆米（Ω.cm）；

RX——按測得的(de)表(biao)電(dian)阻，單位為(wei)歐姆（Ω）；

P——是被保護電極的有效周長(chang)，單位為米（m）或（厘米（cm））

g——兩電極之間的距(ju)離(li)，單位為米(m)或厘米（cm）

備注：P=15.708(cm) g=0.2(cm

配套的電極尺寸：

圓柱: 直徑50 mm

圓環: 外徑 75 mm ,內(nei)徑 55± 0.2 mm  厚(hou)度(du)10 高(gao)度(du)30

圓盤: 直徑100mm

屏(ping)蔽箱尺寸：20cm*20cm*9 cm  內部(bu)高度(du)50mm

固體(ti)式樣尺寸要求測體(ti)積電阻(zu)率直(zhi)徑(jing)大于(yu)55mm（大于(yu)電極內徑(jing)）  測表面積電阻(zu)直(zhi)接大于(yu)100mm， 低于(yu)此直(zhi)徑(jing)大小需改電極

準確度: 準確度優(you)于下表(biao):

超(chao)出有效顯示(shi)范(fan)圍(wei)時(shi)誤差有可能增(zeng)加)測(ce)試電(dian)流準(zhun)確度(du)與電(dian)阻相同測(ce)試電(dian)壓(ya)準(zhun)確度(du)為 10%

應用

 測(ce)量防靜電鞋、導電鞋的電阻值(zhi)

按(an)(an)照(zhao)國家(jia)標(biao)準GB4386-84《防靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)膠底鞋(xie)（靴）、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)膠底鞋(xie)（靴）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)方(fang)法(fa)》防靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)為0.5.×105Ω1.0×108Ω范圍內(nei)，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)不(bu)(bu)大于1.5X105歐姆.不(bu)(bu)僅制(zhi)造廠(chang)在出(chu)廠(chang)時(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)按(an)(an)這一標(biao)準檢驗，合格(ge)后(hou)(hou)(hou)才(cai)能(neng)出(chu)廠(chang)，在工廠(chang)使用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中也必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)按(an)(an)這一標(biao)準進行定(ding)期檢驗，合格(ge)后(hou)(hou)(hou)才(cai)能(neng)穿用(yong)(yong)。   制(zhi)造廠(chang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)新鞋(xie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，應將(jiang)硫(liu)化后(hou)(hou)(hou)有新鞋(xie)放置24小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)在測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)所要求(qiu)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)、濕度(du)環境(jing)中放置2小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)才(cai)能(neng)進行測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)。使用(yong)(yong)單位(wei)在定(ding)期檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)時(shi)應將(jiang)鞋(xie)洗干凈，其(qi)(qi)溫(wen)濕度(du)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)及(ji)放置時(shi)間(jian)同(tong)上。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)環境(jing)要求(qiu)為：溫(wen)度(du)：10℃ ～ 40℃相(xiang)對濕度(du)為40% ～ 70%。 由于HEST121型(xing)數字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面、體積(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)儀是內(nei)部(bu)同(tong)時(shi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，且直接顯示出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)(bi)(bi)另外使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)(biao)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)計(ji)算(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)。通常(chang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試防靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)只用(yong)(yong)106、107、108Ω檔，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試完畢(bi)將(jiang)開關撥(bo)回104檔。根據上述測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試的(de)(de)結果，根據標(biao)準來確(que)定(ding)被測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)鞋(xie)是否合格(ge)或(huo)能(neng)否穿用(yong)(yong)。    測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)防靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一般防靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)在105 Ω～1010 Ω左右的(de)(de)范圍內(nei)，其(qi)(qi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)或(huo)二電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，其(qi)(qi)具體測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)方(fang)法(fa)可(ke)參照(zhao)有關的(de)(de)標(biao)準或(huo)有關資料。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)機房用(yong)(yong)活動地(di)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)按(an)(an)照(zhao)國家(jia)標(biao)準ＧＢ6650-86《計(ji)算(suan)機房用(yong)(yong)活動地(di)板(ban)(ban)技(ji)術條(tiao)件》。采用(yong)(yong)該標(biao)準的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)（也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)三(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)中的(de)(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)）測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(率(lv)絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料如塑料（聚乙稀(xi)，聚氯乙稀(xi)，尼龍等）橡膠等的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)很高(gao)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)時(shi)應采取屏蔽(bi)措施，以(yi)(yi)(yi)免讀數不(bu)(bu)穩甚至無法(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)時(shi)可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)。方(fang)法(fa)可(ke)參照(zhao)國家(jia)標(biao)準GB1410。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流及(ji)1014Ω以(yi)(yi)(yi)上超高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)當測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)超過1014Ω以(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)超高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)時(shi),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通過測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)歐定(ding)律求(qiu)出(chu)超高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流與測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)基本相(xiang)同(tong)，

 例如：電流表(biao)頭顯示讀數(shu)為1.234，量程位置(zhi)處在10－8，則(ze)電流為 I=1.234×10-8  A

利用歐姆定律

   V

R= ---

   I

可(ke)以計(ji)算(suan)出電(dian)阻值(zhi)。利用測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)流的(de)方法可(ke)測(ce)(ce)量超(chao)過(guo)1014Ω以上的(de)超(chao)高電(dian)阻1015～1018Ω。

本儀(yi)器(qi)既可測量(liang)(liang)(liang)超高電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，又可測極微弱電(dian)流(liu)。采用了大規模集成電(dian)路以及技 術，使(shi)儀(yi)器(qi)體積(ji)小、重量(liang)(liang)(liang)輕、準確度高。以數字液晶顯(xian)示電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)并同時(shi)直(zhi)接(jie)顯(xian)示流(liu)過被測電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的電(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程從(cong)1×104Ω ～1×1018Ω， 電(dian)流(liu)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)范圍 為(wei)2 ×10-4A ～1 ×10-16A。機(ji)內測試電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)DC10V、50V、100V、250V、500V、1000V。